Thanks, Trudy. I appreciate your comment… Yes, Pizzaro and the Spanish did bring oxen which helped pull plows and other heavy materials. Before that, they had to use human power (with no wheels) due to the rocky terain. Hard to imagine humans dragging such heavy stones by hand. But, Pizzaro’s conquistadors also brought death through butchery and, most devastatingly, European diseases in which the Incas had no immunity, decimating something like 90 to 95% of the population. So, what’s best: new technology or death?

Dear Coca Leaf Man – I appreciate the close reading. Well, I did my best, but much of Inca’s history is a bit cloudy. When the Spanish arrived they had no written language, usging knots on ropes to convey information. And once the pludering of silver and gold slowed down, the Spanish only heard the Inca story, a story that claims they that they initiated the birth of Peru, Sacred Valley, etc. Bingham seemed to be a bit of a self-promoters, but there really is no definitive answer on who discovered Machu Picchu