{"id":14849,"date":"2019-12-16T18:55:14","date_gmt":"2019-12-17T02:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelingboy.com\/travel\/?p=14849"},"modified":"2019-12-20T17:32:43","modified_gmt":"2019-12-21T01:32:43","slug":"auteurism-andrew-sarris-dw-griffith","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelingboy.com\/travel\/auteurism-andrew-sarris-dw-griffith\/","title":{"rendered":"Auteurism, Andrew Sarris and D.W. Griffith"},"content":{"rendered":"

Auteurism<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The French magazine Cahiers du cin\u00e9ma<\/a><\/em> was founded in 1951 and quickly became a focal point for discussion on the role of directors in cinema. Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut<\/a> criticized the prevailing “Cinema of Quality” trend in France in his 1954 essay Une certaine tendance du cin\u00e9ma fran\u00e7ais<\/em> (“A certain tendency in French cinema”). He characterised these films as being made by directors who were faithful to the script, which in turn was usually a faithful adaptation of a literary novel. The director was used only as a metteur en scene<\/em>, a “stager” who simply adds the performers and pictures to an already completed script. Truffaut argued that the directors who had authority and flexibility over how to realise the script were the ones who made better films. He coined the phrase La politique des auteurs<\/em> (“The policy of the authors”) to describe his view. These discussions took place at the beginning of the French New Wave,<\/a> \u00a0where the Cahiers <\/a>du cinema<\/a><\/em> critics,\u00a0Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Jacques Rivette, Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer would put this policy into practice in their own films.\u00a0 U.S. film critic, Andrew Sarris\u00a0<\/span> coined the phrase “the auteur theory<\/em>” to translate la politique des auteurs,<\/em> and is credited for popularizing it in the United States and English-speaking media. He first used the phrase in his 1962 essay Notes on the Auteur Theory<\/em> in the journal Film Culture<\/a><\/em>. He began applying its methods to Hollywood films, and expanded his thoughts in his book The American Cinema: Directors and Directions 1929\u20131968, <\/em>which is still ahead of its time. The impact of Sarris’ work was that each film should focus less on its stars and more on the overall film itself. New York Magazine’s Pauline Kael initially dismissed the theory as ridiculous, taking the common road that a film is a collaborative group effort. A war of words took place in the press between Sarris and Kael, with many critics proclaiming to be Sarrisites, while others stuck with Kale’s humanistic approach, basically looking at film as an adjunct to a novel (literary) and a play (actors). At the time of the Hollywood Renaissance (roughly 1970s), Kael switched gears and started embracing certain directors: Robert Altman, Bernardo Bertolucci and Sam Peckinpah, but still couldn’t resist gushing in praise over a Barbra Streisand or Diana Ross performance in a shallow vehicle role. In the end, Sarris said that Kael was probably more anti-genre, than anti-director. But she really could write.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Andrew Sarris and the \u201cA\u201d Word<\/span><\/strong>
\nby Richard Brody<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Andrew Sarris, who died today, at the age of eighty-three, is the one indispensable American film critic. He brought to American film criticism its crucial idea, its crucial word (\u201cauteur\u201d), and the crucial taste that it signifies: the recognition that the best of Hollywood directors are the equals of great directors anywhere in the world, and that they are the equals of painters, writers, and composers of genius.<\/p>\n

Sarris (whom I met only briefly, at several screenings) was the American critic who meant the most to me when I was first learning about movies, because I sensed that he was interested in the essential thing \u2014 what makes the cinema an art. In the classic split between hedgehogs and foxes, he was the great hedgehog of American criticism. He knew one big thing: the colossal gravitational pull of the director, the true star that held all in its orbit and gave its light to reflect. Sarris may have suffered for staring too long and too fixedly into the directorial sun, but before he showed everyone which way to look, hardly anybody knew that it was there at all. Which is why, on this sad occasion, it seems fitting to talk about the idea and the word with which his name will always be linked.<\/p>\n

The most interesting thing about the term \u201cauteur\u201d is that though it\u2019s the ordinary French word for \u201cauthor,\u201d in English, it refers solely to movie directors, especially those whose work is deemed artistically ambitious. That\u2019s because it was an aesthetic shock when the word was used, about sixty years ago, by a group of French critics at the newly founded Paris-based journal Cahiers du Cin\u00eama<\/em>. Their idea was that movie directors exert the same artistic control on (and bear the same moral responsibility for) their film as a writer does for a book, and can therefore be considered the \u201cauthor\u201d of a film.<\/p>\n

They weren\u2019t the first to recognize that directors are artists, yet their writings proved very controversial, for four reasons. First, they didn\u2019t emphasize movies\u2019 stories \u2014 they didn\u2019t ignore them, but they didn\u2019t take political subjects and the adaptations of major literary works to be of any greater intrinsic importance than crime stories, love stories, comedies, Westerns, or musicals. Second, they largely considered acting, cinematography, and the other elements of production in terms of their reflection of the director\u2019s art. Third, they considered some Hollywood directors, working in the industry and serving its commercial ends, to be the equals of European filmmakers working within an expressly humanistic tradition (which is why they came to be known as \u201cHitchcocko-Hawksians\u201d). Fourth, they saw the art of the cinema as the exemplary art of the era, and so considered directors to be the leading artists of the day. (There was also a fifth, strictly local, reason: they considered most of the major French directors of the time to be terrible filmmakers and denounced them and their films with flamboyant invective.)<\/p>\n

From the time the idea of the auteur crossed the ocean, in the early sixties, to this day \u2014 thanks mainly to Sarris \u2014 it has been consistently misunderstood by its detractors, in part because of Sarris\u2019s linguistic peccadillo. He referred to the \u201cauteur theory,\u201d as if it was something that could be proved. The phrase that the French critics used for their idea was la politique des auteurs<\/em>. It was a \u201cpolicy,\u201d not a rule, and a \u201cpolitics,\u201d because it was aimed at power. These critics didn\u2019t only seek the widespread recognition of the directors they admired but (as Jean-Luc Godard told me in 2000) thought they were, in a way, prolonging the French Resistance \u201cagainst a certain sort of occupation, in the cinema, by people who had no business being there.\u201d They were both asserting a living pantheon of filmmakers they admired and seeking to throw out interlopers in order to make a place for themselves in the film industry (thus the invective).<\/p>\n

Of course, these critics \u2014 notably, Godard, Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut, Jacques Rivette, Claude Chabrol, and their \u201cgodfather\u201d at the magazine, Eric Rohmer, about ten years their senior \u2014 did make a place for themselves in the industry and in the ongoing history of cinema. Their own films are the evidence that has confirmed, even canonized, their critical ideas. They were the first to consistently conceive of directors\u2019 work psychologically \u2014 to identify themselves with directors and to pass from a consumerist guide to an inside view of the cinema. And this is where the most basic misinterpretation arises.<\/p>\n

If auteurism were nothing other than the recognition of arcane patterns across a director\u2019s body of work, it would have had a short and obscure run. But in fact, its power comes from its inspiration of artists. Wes Anderson described his primordial auteurist experience when I interviewed him for a Profile<\/a> that ran in the magazine in 2009. His family\u2019s Betamax tapes of Alfred Hitchcock\u2019s films, \u201cwith an orange-colored box for \u2018Vertigo\u2019 and a blue one for \u2018Rear Window\u2019 and a beige one for \u2018The Man Who Knew Too Much,\u2019\u00a0\u201d was a central experience for him as a child:<\/p>\n

Watching those, you know, the name of the director was right there on the front, you were conscious that this guy was a movie artist, it wasn\u2019t an actor and you weren\u2019t reading about how they built the robots or something like that, instead it was some guy whose thing is making images and sounds and things to tell the story.<\/p>\n

Auteurism is the mode of criticism through which burgeoning directors identify those established filmmakers in whom they see themselves \u2014 and the future of the art form \u2014 reflected. It isn\u2019t a matter of seeing patterns but of seeing directors (as if present and holding forth on the other side of the screen) and identifying with them \u2014 not by self-abnegation but by elective affinity and imaginative sympathy.<\/p>\n

Resistance to the notion of the auteur comes from partisans of so-called collaboration \u2014 the evidence of actors performing scripts. It\u2019s a natural thing for film critics (who are, first of all, writers) to identify most closely with screenwriters, just as it\u2019s not surprising that viewers consider actors to be the fullest inventors of a movie. But most great actors are more or less the inventions of directors (imagine John Wayne without John Ford, or Cary Grant without Howard Hawks and Alfred Hitchcock, or Katharine Hepburn without Hawks and George Cukor, or Judy Garland without Cukor and Vincente Minnelli). As for screenwriters, don\u2019t believe the credits: strong directors don\u2019t just oversee the recording of content dictated from an inviolable script, they take an active hand in the substance of a script \u2014 all the more so in the era of the independent producer, from the fifties and beyond. (That\u2019s one reason why the postwar years were a golden age in Hollywood.)<\/p>\n

What those who reject the primacy of directors really favor are norms \u2014 whether the political norms of an expressly ideological cinema or the so-called system\u2019s ability to turn out a consistently entertaining (or otherwise ingratiating) product. They emphasize collaboration as a way of limiting the prerogatives of the individual, of subordinating the artist or the freethinker to rules, whether of religion, tradition, or ideology. And in the process, they set themselves up as the defenders of consumers against ostensibly shoddy, deceptive or somehow harmful merchandise. The core of resistance to auteurist ideas is populist demagogy.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s true of Pauline Kael, who made her name as Sarris\u2019s principal detractor and whose acolytes \u2014 who seem to put their hands on the Ouija board to consult with her before writing \u2014 continue her grudge against the \u201ca\u201d word. Sarris, for his part, was resolutely independent. His following came not from the cultivation of a club or a clan but from the allure of the ideas he put forth. He didn\u2019t embody the spirit of youth at the Village Voice<\/em>, where he wrote for decades \u2014 rather, he inspired it, propelling generations of filmmakers and critics to go behind the screen, practically or virtually, in ways of their own. Whether he\u2019s read or not, he\u2019s the dominant figure of film criticism in the last half century. Like a director, he is present, exercising his influence, unseen, on a vast array of movie people and leaving a virtual impression on screens everywhere, from art houses to multiplexes.<\/p>\n

P.S. I quoted Wes Anderson, above, regarding his youthful experience of the director\u2019s artistry. I\u2019m waiting for one of Kael\u2019s followers to respond that auteurism is all well and good for children, who, when they grow up, will learn about the complex realities of life on a set and in the industry. It\u2019s worth remembering that immaturity was one of the most repellently personal (and misguided) charges that Kael launched at Sarris in 1963. I wrote about that big lie<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

D.W. Griffith’s Innovations<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Griffith\u2019s innovative shot sequence redefined the movies: first a long-shot, followed by a medium-shot, and then close-up, ending with a return of the long shot, thus creating films of the physiological with strong emotions. The transition of shots,\u00a0 cut on the continuation of the player\u2019s movement, which would seamlessly bridge the scene. The shot sequence served as a form of invisible editing which allowed audiences to follow the narrative.\u00a0 Before the shot sequence, viewers would not be able to understand the sense of time and space by a director going immediately into a close-up. It also freed actors from the confines of the stage, where most earlier films began with players arriving on the stage, and then ending when they exited.\u00a0 There has been no major innovation in film since Griffith with the exception of the advent of sound, which many film scholars still consider a set-back. Towards the end of Griffith\u2019s life, he was dismissed as an outdated movie pioneer, dying of a massive heart attack while waiting for the proverbial \u2018phone call\u2019 that never came.\u00a0 Today, his name is met with anger at the mere mention of the director of The Birth of a Nation<\/em>, whose text is outrageously racist. I recall first seeing the film in a class devoted to minority studies. I was profoundly outraged by the films literary racist content. Later in a cinema studies program at the University of Washington, our professor spoke for an hour about Griffith and The Birth of a Nation<\/em>, with never a mention of its racism. As the lights went down for our first screening of the landmark film, he quickly mentioned in passing, that we should \u2018ignore all that racist stuff\u2019 and concentrate on one of the most beautiful films ever made. As auterist film critics already knew, it is the visual treatment of the text that makes the film art.\u00a0 Perhaps “<\/em><\/strong>The medium is the message,<\/em>” <\/em><\/strong>a phrase by Marshall McLuhan in his 1964 book \u2018Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man,\u2019<\/em> says it best. McLuhan believed that the medium itself, not the content it carries, should be the focus of study. I fully embrace those words; are van Gogh\u2019s paintings of sunflowers art because of the importance or sunflowers, or are they art for his visual treatment of sunflowers? Is a novice painting of Christ on the cross more important than a painting of a lily pond by Monet?\u00a0 I recall film critic James Monaco saying one must learn to read a film<\/em>. Woody Allen\u2019s comment about Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will<\/em> \u2014 a feature length propaganda documentary glorifying Hitler and the new Aryan Nation \u2014 also illustrates the point. It went something like, \u2018\u2018I am a Jew and I consider Triumph of the Will <\/em>a masterpiece.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Throughout 2020, Chaplin\u2019s World, the only museum dedicated to Charlie Chaplin, will celebrate the music of Charlie Chaplin, giving visitors a chance to experience a range of tributes to Chaplin the artist, composer, and musician.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":14815,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-entertainment"],"yoast_head":"\nAuteurism, Andrew Sarris and D.W. 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As a descendant of both Leif Ericson and Christopher Columbus, the Amer-Norsk-Italian Boitano quite literally has a passion for travel to unexplored locations in his blood. He has traveled to over 56 nations, including Antarctica and the Arctic Circle, as well as lived with a nomadic Basque shepherd family outside of Bakersfield, California for six hours. He brings to Traveling Boy a love of all forms of travel, and a disdain for any lamb food products.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/travelingboy.com\/travel\/author\/ed\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Auteurism, Andrew Sarris and D.W. Griffith - Traveling Archive","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/travelingboy.com\/travel\/auteurism-andrew-sarris-dw-griffith\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Auteurism, Andrew Sarris and D.W. 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